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2021年考研英語：虛擬語氣的運(yùn)用技巧
一、 虛擬語氣在狀語從句中的運(yùn)用
虛擬語氣在狀語從句中的運(yùn)用除了可以表示條件外，還可以表示比較、結(jié)果、目的等。虛擬語氣用于表示條件的狀語從句中，一般稱為虛擬條件句。根據(jù)時(shí)間的不同，虛擬條件句中謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的變化可能有三種形式，即現(xiàn)在、過去和將來。
If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly
by outlook, values, education, and class.(2001年 TEXT1)
這是一個(gè)含有條件狀語從句的復(fù)合句。If it did是條件狀語從句。主句中主語是it;謂語動(dòng)詞有兩個(gè)，分別是would open up...和look for...。
這是一個(gè)與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣，從句用一般過去時(shí)，主句用would+動(dòng)詞原形open up和look for。
參考譯文：如果它能注意這個(gè)問題的話，它就會(huì)拓展其雇員多樣化項(xiàng)目，而目前的項(xiàng)目只單純考慮招收不同種族和性別的員工，去雇傭那些在世界觀、價(jià)值觀、教育背景及社會(huì)階層方面各不相同的記者。
二、虛擬語氣在名詞性從句中的運(yùn)用
虛擬語氣除了用作狀語從句中外，還可以用作主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句等名詞性從中。
第一， 虛擬語氣在主語從句中的運(yùn)用
當(dāng)it作形式主語，后面用形容詞作表語，即在it is + adj.這樣的句型中，當(dāng)描述主語的表語形容詞是advisable，critical，crucial，desirable，essential，imperative，important，incredible，inevitable，necessary，recommend，strange，urgent等形容詞時(shí)，主語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞多用虛擬語氣，如果是現(xiàn)在時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用should/would +動(dòng)詞原形(should/would經(jīng)常省略);如果是過去時(shí)，則用should/would + have done的形式。
It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably，the retreat from predominance proved painful.
這是一個(gè)含有主語從句的復(fù)合句。句首的It是形式主語，真正主語是that從句，該主語從句使用了虛擬語氣should+完成時(shí)。(2000年 TEXT1)參考譯文：隨著其他國家日益富裕，美國的這一優(yōu)勢(shì)地位逐漸下降是不可避免的。惟其不可避免，從優(yōu)勢(shì)地位上退出愈發(fā)痛苦不堪。
第二， 虛擬語氣在賓語從句中的運(yùn)用
表示“建議、請(qǐng)求、命令、要求”等主觀意向的詞(如：suggest、advise、assume、decide、demand、desire、insist、propose、order、recommend、require、suggest……)，引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)需用虛擬語氣。虛擬語氣中的格式很固定：謂語動(dòng)詞用should+動(dòng)詞原形，should可以省略。注意這種句型中的虛擬語氣形式不受主句動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的影響。Theories concerning on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior because they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through interactions with others.(2004 CLOSE)
此句是個(gè)含有一個(gè)賓語從句、兩個(gè)原因狀語從句的復(fù)合句。suggest是主句謂語，Suggest后面的賓語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞engage in前面省略了should.
參考譯文：關(guān)于個(gè)體研究的理論認(rèn)為，孩子們從事犯罪活動(dòng)是因?yàn)橐郧八麄冏鲥e(cuò)事情時(shí)對(duì)他們的懲罰力度不夠，或是因?yàn)樗麄兺ㄟ^與其他人的交往學(xué)會(huì)了犯罪。
第三， 虛擬語氣在同位語從句中的運(yùn)用
名詞advice、assumption、decision、demand、desire、insistence、order、proposal、requirement、recommendation、suggestion……后面若有同位語從句，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)使用虛擬語氣的形式。
Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”，with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. (2005年 TEXT1)
這是個(gè)含有同位語從句的復(fù)合句。that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞由would+動(dòng)詞原形be構(gòu)成。
參考譯文：這樣的行為被認(rèn)為“完全是人類獨(dú)有的特點(diǎn)”，其潛在的含義是其它動(dòng)物沒有這種敏銳的委屈感。
第四，虛擬語氣在表語從句中的運(yùn)用
與同位語從句一樣，若主語是某些特定動(dòng)詞的同根名詞(參考上一部分同位語從句)，要在它后面的表語從句要用虛擬式。
Another decision is whether the school should be one of the vast majority financed by the State or one of the very small but influential minority of private schools，though this choice is，of course，only available to the small number of those who can pay. (英語專業(yè)四級(jí)考試01年Text D)
這是個(gè)含有表語從句的復(fù)合句。主語是another decision;謂語是is;whether……or……是表語從句，其中謂語動(dòng)詞由should+動(dòng)詞原形be構(gòu)成。參考譯文：另一個(gè)要做出的決定是：應(yīng)該選擇一所占絕大多數(shù)的國立學(xué)校呢，還是選擇一所數(shù)量雖小卻有影響力的私立學(xué)校呢，當(dāng)然，只有少數(shù)有支付能力的人才有這種選擇的權(quán)利。
2021年考研英語：英語詞匯的語法辨析
一、形容詞的句法功能
形容詞在句中做定語、表語和主語?？忌鷳?yīng)注意：
(1)以 “a” 開頭的形容詞如alone, alike, asleep, awake等不能做前置定語，可做表語或后置定語。
(2)某些以副詞詞綴 “-ly” 結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞，如friendly, leisurely, lovely等。
(3)下列動(dòng)詞既是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞又是系動(dòng)詞，注意用做系動(dòng)詞時(shí)，要求形容詞做表語：remain, keep, become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look。如：
All those left undone may sound great in theory, but even the truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics.
二、副詞主要測(cè)試其修飾作用
考生應(yīng)了解：副詞可修飾謂語動(dòng)詞、非謂語動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、整個(gè)句子。如：
This pair of shoes isn’t good, but that pair is hardly better.
(與前半句的否定意義吻合)
It’s essential that people be psychologically able to resist the impact brought about by the transition from planned economy to market economy.
Andrew, my father’s younger brother, will not be at the picnic, much to the family’s disappointment.
Most of us are of the opinion that this set of training program is among the most wisely devised ones we have seen so far.
三、考比較級(jí)時(shí)，考生應(yīng)把握
(1)形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)的形式是否和比較連詞對(duì)應(yīng)出現(xiàn)，即是否符合原級(jí)比較及比較級(jí)的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often as good as, or better than an actual performance.
On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.
(2)比較的成分是否屬于同類事物或同類概念。如：
The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half that of last year’s.
Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of Dickens far more exciting than Thackeray’s.
(3)比較級(jí)的修飾語如 a little, a lot, the, any, even, far, hardly, lots, much, rather，還有表示倍數(shù)比較的詞等，他們的位置是：修飾語+as…as…, 或修飾語+more…than…。如：
Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills seven times more people each year than automobile accidents.
“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?” “No, I would gladly have paid twice as much for it.”
(4)下列詞和短語不用比較級(jí)形式卻表示比較概念：
inferior，minor，senior，prior，prefer to，superior，major，junior，preferable，differ from，compared with，in comparison with，different from，rather than。如：
Their watch is superior to all the other watches on the market.
四、最高級(jí)形式應(yīng)注意的問題
(1)最高級(jí)比較范圍用介詞in, over, of, among。
in, (all)over用于在某一范圍內(nèi)的比較，如：in China, all over the world; of, among 用于在同一群體內(nèi)同類事物的比較，如：among the teachers, of the four dresses。
注意：among…相當(dāng)于one of…，不說among all…。這一點(diǎn)考生應(yīng)與漢語表達(dá)區(qū)別開來。如：
Of all visible lights, red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength.
(2)比較級(jí)形式表示最高級(jí)意義時(shí)，比較對(duì)象的范圍應(yīng)用：
any other +單數(shù)名詞
the other +復(fù)數(shù)名詞
the others
anyone/anything else
上述詞是用來將比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成最高級(jí)意義的關(guān)鍵詞語，切不可遺漏，否則會(huì)造成邏輯混亂的錯(cuò)誤。如不能說：John runs faster than anyone.注意與漢語表達(dá)的不同。
五、有關(guān)比較級(jí)的特殊句型
(1)not so much…as…與其說……不如說……
The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.
(2)no/not any more…than…兩者一樣都不……The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.
There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink.
(3)no /not any less…than…兩者一樣都……She is no less beautiful than her sister.
(4)just as…so….正如……，……也……(用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu))Just as the soil is a part of the earth, so is the atmosphere.
2021年考研英語：英語基本語法的復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo)
一、平行結(jié)構(gòu)
1.注意由并列連詞或等立連詞連接的成分在語法形式上是否相同，即都是形容詞，或都是介詞短語，或都是不定式，或都是動(dòng)名詞，或都是句子等。如：
Symposium talks will cover a wide range of subjects from overfishing to physical and environmental factors that affect the populations of different species.
In the teaching of mathematics, the way of instruction is generally traditional, with teachers presenting formal lectures and students taking notes.
2.注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)中相比較的內(nèi)容在語法形式上是否相同。如：
It is better to die on one’s feet than to live on one’s knees.
Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.
3.其他具有并列或比較意義的短語。
(1)rather than, let alone 雖不是并列連詞，但在結(jié)構(gòu)上連接兩個(gè)語法形式相同的成分。如：
We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style rather than in a personal style.
For the new country to survive, let alone for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.
(2)如果平行的兩個(gè)成分在形式上是介詞短語，而且介詞相同，一般說來第二個(gè)介詞不要省略。如：
At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.