想要更好的應對考試,考前有條不紊的復習,適當?shù)木毩暿鞘钟斜匾?。以下是出國留學網(wǎng)為大家整理的以英國14世紀領主和佃戶的關系為話題的2015年GMAT考試閱讀機經(jīng),供大家參考!
【V1】
挺長的,分好幾段
先說了14世紀lord和tenant之間是啥啥關系,tenant在lord的指示下做blabla的事情(有題目問lord和tenant的關系是啥,我選了tenant在種地方面遵從lord的指使in details這一項),但是作者認為這樣的關系是短視的,有啥啥缺點,然后后一段舉了個自由民的例子,來和服從lord的佃戶進行比較,具體不記得了,anyway,只要記得作者對傳統(tǒng)lord和tenant的關系是持批評態(tài)度的
最后一段說得好像是這種關系的問題和危害,反正有一道題問的是作者認為lord對tenant采取的措施是long-term benefit還是short-term benefit還是both,我選了short-term benefit但是long-term是有害的這一項
【考古】
——版本1
英國的tenant與landlord,共3段
第一段講landlord何其殘忍呀,剝削農(nóng)民呀(周扒皮出現(xiàn)在了英國呀),導致農(nóng)民沒有多余的錢去investment,所以社會的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展特別緩慢,強調(diào)的是13世紀的英國,考古的童鞋們可以自己查一查。
第二段開始反駁,說landlord沒那么殘忍,因為有free tenant的存在,然后開始形容這個free tenant,有哪些權(quán)利呀等等。
第三段開始講由于free tenant的要求何其高(天啊,農(nóng)民們你們權(quán)利真大呀,中國農(nóng)民太慘了啊),landlord為了yield to the favorable requirements to tenants,制定了某些某些政策,是這些政策導致了農(nóng)村的congestion,所以社會發(fā)展停滯了。
題目還清楚的記得一道,說最后一段這些landlord制定的政策long-term和short-term的影響。
lz的選擇是:long-term對tenant不好,short-term好(因為這些是favorable to the tenants的)。
——版本2
英國地主:說英國經(jīng)濟停滯原因的,寂靜說的不錯,生詞很多,有點兒慌,就順著寂靜選的。對不起實在記不得了。
——版本3
2英國的landlord 和 tenant, 說tenant 很慘,受到landlord的壓榨,后來有些人就成為什么free-tenant, 最后為了解決這個問題, landlord又用了什么招,但是該方法也沒奏效,而且阻礙了經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展。
(以上兩篇都特別長,考試的時候還是要自己的理解,我能力有限,就理解到這個程度)
[考古] by jackjack251 閱讀43英國地主完美匹配原文(已確認)
第七篇中世紀經(jīng)濟惡化探源:莊園主(lord)和佃農(nóng)(tenant)的關系
版本一
這題的主旨是討論為什么英國十四世紀時候生產(chǎn)力下降了呢?
p1有老觀念說是因為以前人的認為是lord只關心自己享樂不關心生產(chǎn)導致的(還以為法律規(guī)定了佃農(nóng)沒有自己土地所有權(quán))
p2使用了一個free serf的例子說明以上觀點是錯誤的
p3說access to land 的變化 才是生產(chǎn)力下降的真正原因
版本二
第一段:傳統(tǒng)的觀點認為,lord給tenant,特別是serf tenant (隸屬于lord的,給其交租納貢的tenant),帶來了極大的經(jīng)濟壓力,因為tenant要交很高的稅負,要孝敬lord,缺乏人身自由。但是,這一觀點是不正確的。因為其一,有很大一部分是nonserf tenant,這些人只要交很低的錢,有很大的自由度,小日子還挺滋潤;其二,即便是serf tenant,他們的生活也沒有那么糟糕,他們還是有一定自主權(quán)的,諸如lord要增加稅賦的時候,他們可以提出反對意見,并且有一定的力量。
第二段(還是第三段?不是很清楚了):但是中世紀的經(jīng)濟還是惡化了,這是為什么呢?究其原因,是因為lord在表面上向tenant做了讓步,使其獲得短期經(jīng)濟利益,但是從長期來看,lord通過這些舉措遏制了人口和經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展,并最終帶來了社會環(huán)境的惡化。
這是一篇長閱讀,我記得最后一個題目好像是我上面講到的第二段,問你lord的這些舉措是serve了誰的長期or短期利益?我從文章的理解是,serve the short terminterest of tenant but not the long term。大家碰到的話可以再看看。
問題有:7/6
Q1: 有主題題
Q2: 問作者在第二段提到free-tenant的作用
Q3: 問你lord的這些舉措是serve了誰的長期or短期利益?
答:serve the short term interest of tenant but not the long term。也有答: 短期對領主有利,但不利于長期的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展。因為造成鄉(xiāng)村的失業(yè)。大家小心。
考古
14世紀的有關英國封建領主的東西
新老觀點型:關于封建領主影響英國經(jīng)濟長期發(fā)展的真正原因
1)傳統(tǒng)觀點。14世紀時人民的生活水平日益下降,甚至到了威脅生存的地步(開頭句)。接著說了英國lord和tenant的關系,tenant的生活如何疾苦,如何受lord剝削控制,以至于他們的關系像是master和serf(農(nóng)奴)。學者們還認為這些地主好吃懶做,表現(xiàn)在很重視眼前的享受和消費,而不在乎長遠的發(fā)展,所以經(jīng)濟一直處于投資不足的狀態(tài)(underinvestment),還說了一些其它因素,這些都妨礙了宏觀經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展。
2)新證據(jù)。雖然老觀點有著很大的吸引力(作者用了compelling),但是它越來越不能回答近期發(fā)現(xiàn)的一些新證據(jù)(主題句)。老觀點忽視了(overlook)另一個不同于lord和tenant的新人群:free tenant。他們不是serf,不受地主的人身控制,只用按一個較低的fixed rate繳納租金。最后提到其實tenant也不是原來想的那樣軟弱無力,他們已經(jīng)能夠組織起來和地主negotiate rate。
3)進一步的補充。為了應付tenant想多租地擴大自身利益的欲望,地主想出了一系列方法。。。,生詞很多,看不太懂。。。結(jié)果就是造成巨大的 unemploymentin rural area. 地主的這種做法相當于對經(jīng)濟的一個"brake",阻礙了14世紀的英國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展。(有題,說地主的做法對誰有利?選項里都分了從長期看和從短期看,兩方面討論)[推測:短期對領主有利,但不利于長期的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展。因為造成鄉(xiāng)村的失業(yè)]感覺第三段可能是對第一段經(jīng)濟學家的反駁,說這才是阻礙經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的真正原因,當然這只是我個人的看法。
超完美匹合原文版bycamelo777
Any analysis ofwhy the early fourteenth-century agrarian economy was so predisposed to'crisis' necessarily requires careful consideration of class and propertyrelations on the land, for, as Robert Brenner and S. H. Rigby have bothemphasized, these could be of decisive importance.7At that time landlordsexercised feudal rights of lordship over their tenants, many of whom were ofservile status and therefore legally subordinate to their lords. This powerrelationship shaped the tenurial relationship between those who owned the landand those who occupied and worked it. Thus it was tenure, as regulated bylandlords, that determined the supply of holdings and the form and level ofrents that were charged. Until recently it was widely believed that feudaltenurial relationships sanctioned and facilitated the extra-economicexploitation of tenants by their lords. Together, the heaviness of rent chargesand the arbitrariness of lordship discouraged and depressed tenant investmentin agriculture.8Meanwhile, lords were more interested in pursuing a feudallifestyle of conspicuous consumption than in enhancing the productivity andprofitability of their estates.9The upshot, it has been claimed, was a viciouscircle of underinvestment, static technology, and low and decliningagricultural productivity.10
Such pessimisticviews of lords and their relations with their tenants have long exercised acompelling appeal.15 Nevertheless, they have become increasingly difficult toreconcile with a growing body of historical evidence. The preoccupation withserfdom overlooks the numerous free tenants who were exempt from the mostcoercive aspects of lordship.16Free tenants mostly paid fixed and low rents andtheir property rights enjoyed the protection of the royal courts。The more substantial customarytenants were, in fact, relatively well off 。 Many of these tenants certainly paid a proportion of their rent inlabour, but historians, probably because of a modern abhorrence of theinstitution of forced labour, have exaggerated its economic significance. Inreality, only a minority of tenants actually performed labour services, and theaggregate value of rents in cash far exceeded that of rents in kind.21Notwithstanding the much-vaunted powers of lordship, tenants had long beenremarkably effective at opposing efforts by lords to raise rents and increaselabour services in line with rising land values and commodity prices.22They didso by countering seigniorial power with custom and denying that, as tenants,they were obliged to pay their lords anything more than a de facto ground rentfor the land. Tenant right, in fact, often proved more powerful than landlordright.
As this articleargues, the fact that so many tenants were in such conspicuous economicdifficulties by the early fourteenth century had less to do with feudallordship per se and the supposed oppressions and inequalities of serfdom, thanwith the contradictions and inefficiencies inherent in the coexistence ofcustomary, contractual and commercial relationships. Herein lay the real sourceof the agrarian problem in the early fourteenth century. In so far as lordswere the inadvertent agents of this adverse state of affairs, it was becausetheir dealings with their tenants were typically more compliant than coercive.By yielding to tenant demands for access to land on terms that were sofavourable to the tenants, lords created the preconditions for the subdivisionand subletting that stoked population growth and thereby engendered the ruralcongestion that was the source of so much under- and unemployment, with all thenegative consequences that this implies for labour productivity, livingstandards and purchasing power. This deteriorating situation in the countrysideacted as a brake upon the continued growth of the economy and, from 1315, leftincreasing numbers ever more cruelly exposed to the heightened risk ofenvironmental hazard
附:bale的中文版
Para1:
B:傳統(tǒng)的觀點認為,lord給tenant,特別是serf tenant (隸屬于lord的,給其交租納貢的tenant),帶來了極大的經(jīng)濟壓力,因為tenant要交很高的稅負,要孝敬lord,缺乏人身自由。
Para2:
P:但是,這一觀點是不正確的,雖然老觀點有著很大的吸引力(作者用了compelling),但是它越來越不能回答近期發(fā)現(xiàn)的一些新證據(jù)(主題句)。
S:因為其一,有很大一部分是non serf tenant,這些人只要交很低的錢,有很大的自由度,小日子還挺滋潤;其二,即便是serftenant,他們的生活也沒有那么糟糕,他們還是有一定自主權(quán)的,諸如lord要增加稅賦的時候,他們可以提出反對意見,并且有一定的力量。
Para3:
S:但是中世紀的經(jīng)濟還是惡化了,這是為什么呢?究其原因,是因為,為了應付tenant想多租地擴大自身利益的欲望,地主想出了一系列方法。。。,生詞很多,看不太懂。。。結(jié)果就是造成巨大的 unemploymentin rural area. 地主的這種做法相當于對經(jīng)濟的一個"brake",阻礙了14世紀的英國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展。lord在表面上向tenant做了讓步使tenant獲得短期經(jīng)濟利益,但是從長期來看,lord通過這些舉措遏制了人口和經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展,并最終帶來了社會環(huán)境的惡化。
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