第十章 如何將動(dòng)詞改成形容詞
我們中文里，一個(gè)字有時(shí)是動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)卻又可以用作形容詞，的例子是“微笑老蕭”（蕭萬(wàn)長(zhǎng)院長(zhǎng)的外號(hào)）“微笑”應(yīng)該是動(dòng)詞，可是在這里，顯然“微笑”是形容詞?！翱奁蓖ǔＪ莿?dòng)詞，可是我們也可以說(shuō)“哭泣的孩子”。也難怪我們常見到以下錯(cuò)誤的英文句子：
a smile face
a run boy
需知smile和cry都是動(dòng)詞，是不能當(dāng)作形容詞來(lái)用的。
可是，更糟糕的是以下句子：“住在臺(tái)灣的人很有錢”，我們很多人會(huì)說(shuō)
People live in Taiwan are rich.
以上的話為什么錯(cuò)呢？因?yàn)镻eople是主詞，are是動(dòng)詞，live in Taiwan形容people，可是live是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，不能用作形容詞的。怎么辦呢？我們可以將一個(gè)動(dòng)詞用成一個(gè)形容詞，我們的做法是利用分詞（participle）和不定詞（infinitive），而分詞有兩種：現(xiàn)在分詞（present participle）和過(guò)去分詞（past participle），我們?cè)谙乱还?jié)，先談現(xiàn)在分詞的用法。
10§1 現(xiàn)在分詞（present participle）作為形容詞
任何一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，都有一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞（present participle），現(xiàn)在分詞的形式是在動(dòng)詞后面加上ing，如：
laughing
crying
walking
swimming
running
以下的例子中，現(xiàn)在分詞都是形容詞
a crying baby
a smiling girl
an exciting story
running water
a running boy
a rising star
現(xiàn)在分詞不一定放在名詞的前面，在以下的句子中，現(xiàn)在分詞都在名詞的后面
a person walking in the woods
the young man running very fast
people living in Taiwan
the person driving that red car
the singer singing the national anthem（國(guó)歌）
the boys playing in the fields
the young boy swimming in the pool
以下句子中的現(xiàn)在分詞，都被用作形容詞。
We have a crying baby here.
Seeing is believing.（believing是形容詞，seeing是名詞）
Loving is forgiving.
He always wears a smiling face.
Running water is important for mankind.
Look at the rising sun.
The person swimming in that cold river is quite strong.
The young man driving the red car is rich.
Those boys playing basketball are happy.
This movie is exciting.
This news is very upsetting.
This story is troubling.
The young boy swimming in the pool is my brother.
People living in the United States consume more energy than other people.
The person painting the house there is from Mexico.
She has a loving hu**and.
He is a rising star.
「練習(xí)四十四」將以下的中文句子譯成英文，每句都要用現(xiàn)在分詞
1. 這是一本有趣的故事。
2. 這門課很無(wú)聊（boring）。
3. 看那只在唱歌的鳥。
4. 那位微笑的人是我的哥哥。
5. 住在鄉(xiāng)下的人通常很健康。
6. 我不認(rèn)識(shí)那位騎腳車的男孩子。
7. 那位正在吃冰淇淋的小孩子是我的兒子。
8. 那位在問(wèn)問(wèn)題的學(xué)生非常聰明。
9. 你見過(guò)那位打籃球的男孩子嗎？
10.那位垂死（dying）的病人是我的老師。
10§2 過(guò)去分詞（past participle）作為形容詞
在完成式中，我們要用過(guò)去分詞，過(guò)去分詞也可以作為形容詞，以下是一些例子：
a broken window （破碎的窗）
a fallen angel （墮落的天使）
a fallen star （已經(jīng)不走紅的明星）
a depressed person （一個(gè)沮喪的人）
a much appreciated action （為人很欣賞的動(dòng)作）
究竟過(guò)去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞何不同呢？過(guò)去分詞多半有動(dòng)被和已經(jīng)完成的意思。好的例子是：開發(fā)中家叫做a developing country，已開發(fā)國(guó)家就叫做a developed country.
以下的例子可以解釋過(guò)去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞的不同：
1. （a）這本書很有趣。
This book is interesting.
（b）我對(duì)這本書很有興趣。
I am interested in this book.
2. （a）這是一部令人沮喪的電影。
This is a depressing movie.
（b）我看了這部電影以后，感到非常沮喪。
I felt very much depressed after seeing that movie.
3. （a）結(jié)果令人失望。
The result is frustrating.
（b）他因這個(gè)結(jié)果而非常失望。
He was frustrated because of the result.
4. （a）這個(gè)消息真令人難過(guò)。
This news is really upsetting.
（b）他們都很難過(guò)。
They are all upset.
5. （a）約翰的進(jìn)步令人鼓舞。
John's progress is encouraging.
（b）我因約翰的進(jìn)步而感到鼓舞。
I am encouraged by John's progress.
6. （a）水在燒。
The water is boiling.
（b）這是燒開的水。
This is boiled water.
7.（a）這個(gè)消息出人意外。
This news is surprising.
（b）我對(duì)這個(gè)消息感到意外。
I was surprised by the news.
8. （a）他的談話令人困惑。
His words are confusing.
（b）他是一個(gè)充滿困惑的人。
He is a confused person.
記住，以下的句子都是錯(cuò)的：
＊His statements are confused to me.
＊I am interesting in music.
＊He is an interested person.
＊This is indeed a surprised news.
＊This news is encouraged.
正確的句子應(yīng)該是：
His statements are confusing.
I am interested in music.
He is an interesting person.
This is indeed a surprising news.
This news is encouraging.
以下是含有過(guò)去分詞的句子，每一個(gè)過(guò)去分詞都用作形容詞：
America is a developed country.
I found that dog killed in a car accident.
The frustrated student needs help.
I want the report completed before midnight.
He is totally depressed.
They are all frustrated.
The car driven by that young man is a Cadillac.
This book， read by almost every one， was written by Charles Dickens.
This is still an unrealized dream.
Are you interested in music？
I am really surprised to meet you.
I was excited by his arrival.
The girl dressed in white is from Japan.
A depressed person needs love from others.
Millions got killed in the Second World War.
He is a troubled child who needs advice.
I have a broken leg.
Broken glass is all over the place.
千萬(wàn)注意，我們不可以輕易亂用過(guò)去分詞，以下的句子都是錯(cuò)的：
＊He is suffered.
＊This article will be appeared in the next issue of Science.
正確的說(shuō)法是：
He suffers.
This article will appear in the next issue of Science.
「練習(xí)四十五」
將以下的中文句子譯成英文：
我對(duì)音樂(lè)有興趣。
這部人人都看過(guò)的電影是在好萊塢制作的。
他來(lái)自一個(gè)破碎的家庭。
這個(gè)國(guó)家的法律已經(jīng)崩潰（break down）了。
我因這個(gè)消息而感到興奮。
我們應(yīng)該幫助那位沮喪的學(xué)生。
三個(gè)人死于（get killed）這場(chǎng)車禍。
這是一個(gè)充滿了困惑的學(xué)生。
他是一個(gè)很有趣的人。
「練習(xí)四十六」
填空，全部用現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞：
1. He is totally （confuse）。
2. I am （interest） in seeing that movie.
3. This movie is really （excite）。
4. That is a （break） promise.
5. He has a （break） arm.
6. Their marriage was （break） up.
7. Justice is still not a （realize） dream.
8. He is a （depress） person.
9. The bicycle （ride） by the young kid is mine.
10. I do not like to see any person （injure）。
11. I was very much （surprise） to hear that news.
12. His statements are （encourage）。
13. The man （talk） about Hitler is a professor.
14. The man （pilot） the airplane is quite young.
15. The company （manage） by Mr. Lee is getting better and better.
16. Poor John now has a （break） heart.
17. There are boys and girls （dance） in the garden.
18. The （steal） jacket has been found.
19. The boy （laugh） there is not my son.
20. He has a （smile） face.
21. This is indeed very （excite）。
22. This song， （hear） by almost everyone， was written by me.
23. I don't like the song （write） by the Beatles.
24. She is a （care） woman.
10§3 不定詞（Infinitives）作為形容詞和副詞
不定詞可以用作名詞，也可以用作形容詞，以下都是不定詞用作形容詞的例子，要注意的是不定詞不會(huì)放在名詞的前面：
You don't have the right to talk so loudly.
He is to blame.
To see is to believe.（To see是名詞，to believe是形容詞）
My job is to teach poor kids to learn.
We all have the duty to serve our country.
He has a talent to sing.
I don't have time to play.
He is a person to be liked by us all.
This is a book to be read by all students.
He has no money to spend.
This is not a good place for kids to grow up in.
This law is to protect innocent citizens.
I am glad to see you.
He is ready to start a war.
He is rich enough to buy the entire building.
They are afraid to die.
He has no right to kill anyone.
John is too weak to do this job.
My mother is too old to drive a car.
It is easy to fall behind in school.
「練習(xí)四十七」
將以下句子改成英文：
我們都有納稅的義務(wù)。
我們都有保持緘默（remain silent）的權(quán)利。
他有游泳的天才。
我已無(wú)錢可花。
我無(wú)處可去。
他太累了，不能開車了。（too……to……）
我很高興看到你。
他夠聰明，可以進(jìn)入大學(xué)。（enough……to……）
我的工作是教小孩英文。
我看到你，感到很意外。（surprised to……）
我們有很多可談的事。
他沒(méi)有可以交談的朋友。
我們中文里，一個(gè)字有時(shí)是動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)卻又可以用作形容詞，的例子是“微笑老蕭”（蕭萬(wàn)長(zhǎng)院長(zhǎng)的外號(hào)）“微笑”應(yīng)該是動(dòng)詞，可是在這里，顯然“微笑”是形容詞?！翱奁蓖ǔＪ莿?dòng)詞，可是我們也可以說(shuō)“哭泣的孩子”。也難怪我們常見到以下錯(cuò)誤的英文句子：
a smile face
a run boy
需知smile和cry都是動(dòng)詞，是不能當(dāng)作形容詞來(lái)用的。
可是，更糟糕的是以下句子：“住在臺(tái)灣的人很有錢”，我們很多人會(huì)說(shuō)
People live in Taiwan are rich.
以上的話為什么錯(cuò)呢？因?yàn)镻eople是主詞，are是動(dòng)詞，live in Taiwan形容people，可是live是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，不能用作形容詞的。怎么辦呢？我們可以將一個(gè)動(dòng)詞用成一個(gè)形容詞，我們的做法是利用分詞（participle）和不定詞（infinitive），而分詞有兩種：現(xiàn)在分詞（present participle）和過(guò)去分詞（past participle），我們?cè)谙乱还?jié)，先談現(xiàn)在分詞的用法。
10§1 現(xiàn)在分詞（present participle）作為形容詞
任何一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，都有一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞（present participle），現(xiàn)在分詞的形式是在動(dòng)詞后面加上ing，如：
laughing
crying
walking
swimming
running
以下的例子中，現(xiàn)在分詞都是形容詞
a crying baby
a smiling girl
an exciting story
running water
a running boy
a rising star
現(xiàn)在分詞不一定放在名詞的前面，在以下的句子中，現(xiàn)在分詞都在名詞的后面
a person walking in the woods
the young man running very fast
people living in Taiwan
the person driving that red car
the singer singing the national anthem（國(guó)歌）
the boys playing in the fields
the young boy swimming in the pool
以下句子中的現(xiàn)在分詞，都被用作形容詞。
We have a crying baby here.
Seeing is believing.（believing是形容詞，seeing是名詞）
Loving is forgiving.
He always wears a smiling face.
Running water is important for mankind.
Look at the rising sun.
The person swimming in that cold river is quite strong.
The young man driving the red car is rich.
Those boys playing basketball are happy.
This movie is exciting.
This news is very upsetting.
This story is troubling.
The young boy swimming in the pool is my brother.
People living in the United States consume more energy than other people.
The person painting the house there is from Mexico.
She has a loving hu**and.
He is a rising star.
「練習(xí)四十四」將以下的中文句子譯成英文，每句都要用現(xiàn)在分詞
1. 這是一本有趣的故事。
2. 這門課很無(wú)聊（boring）。
3. 看那只在唱歌的鳥。
4. 那位微笑的人是我的哥哥。
5. 住在鄉(xiāng)下的人通常很健康。
6. 我不認(rèn)識(shí)那位騎腳車的男孩子。
7. 那位正在吃冰淇淋的小孩子是我的兒子。
8. 那位在問(wèn)問(wèn)題的學(xué)生非常聰明。
9. 你見過(guò)那位打籃球的男孩子嗎？
10.那位垂死（dying）的病人是我的老師。
10§2 過(guò)去分詞（past participle）作為形容詞
在完成式中，我們要用過(guò)去分詞，過(guò)去分詞也可以作為形容詞，以下是一些例子：
a broken window （破碎的窗）
a fallen angel （墮落的天使）
a fallen star （已經(jīng)不走紅的明星）
a depressed person （一個(gè)沮喪的人）
a much appreciated action （為人很欣賞的動(dòng)作）
究竟過(guò)去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞何不同呢？過(guò)去分詞多半有動(dòng)被和已經(jīng)完成的意思。好的例子是：開發(fā)中家叫做a developing country，已開發(fā)國(guó)家就叫做a developed country.
以下的例子可以解釋過(guò)去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞的不同：
1. （a）這本書很有趣。
This book is interesting.
（b）我對(duì)這本書很有興趣。
I am interested in this book.
2. （a）這是一部令人沮喪的電影。
This is a depressing movie.
（b）我看了這部電影以后，感到非常沮喪。
I felt very much depressed after seeing that movie.
3. （a）結(jié)果令人失望。
The result is frustrating.
（b）他因這個(gè)結(jié)果而非常失望。
He was frustrated because of the result.
4. （a）這個(gè)消息真令人難過(guò)。
This news is really upsetting.
（b）他們都很難過(guò)。
They are all upset.
5. （a）約翰的進(jìn)步令人鼓舞。
John's progress is encouraging.
（b）我因約翰的進(jìn)步而感到鼓舞。
I am encouraged by John's progress.
6. （a）水在燒。
The water is boiling.
（b）這是燒開的水。
This is boiled water.
7.（a）這個(gè)消息出人意外。
This news is surprising.
（b）我對(duì)這個(gè)消息感到意外。
I was surprised by the news.
8. （a）他的談話令人困惑。
His words are confusing.
（b）他是一個(gè)充滿困惑的人。
He is a confused person.
記住，以下的句子都是錯(cuò)的：
＊His statements are confused to me.
＊I am interesting in music.
＊He is an interested person.
＊This is indeed a surprised news.
＊This news is encouraged.
正確的句子應(yīng)該是：
His statements are confusing.
I am interested in music.
He is an interesting person.
This is indeed a surprising news.
This news is encouraging.
以下是含有過(guò)去分詞的句子，每一個(gè)過(guò)去分詞都用作形容詞：
America is a developed country.
I found that dog killed in a car accident.
The frustrated student needs help.
I want the report completed before midnight.
He is totally depressed.
They are all frustrated.
The car driven by that young man is a Cadillac.
This book， read by almost every one， was written by Charles Dickens.
This is still an unrealized dream.
Are you interested in music？
I am really surprised to meet you.
I was excited by his arrival.
The girl dressed in white is from Japan.
A depressed person needs love from others.
Millions got killed in the Second World War.
He is a troubled child who needs advice.
I have a broken leg.
Broken glass is all over the place.
千萬(wàn)注意，我們不可以輕易亂用過(guò)去分詞，以下的句子都是錯(cuò)的：
＊He is suffered.
＊This article will be appeared in the next issue of Science.
正確的說(shuō)法是：
He suffers.
This article will appear in the next issue of Science.
「練習(xí)四十五」
將以下的中文句子譯成英文：
我對(duì)音樂(lè)有興趣。
這部人人都看過(guò)的電影是在好萊塢制作的。
他來(lái)自一個(gè)破碎的家庭。
這個(gè)國(guó)家的法律已經(jīng)崩潰（break down）了。
我因這個(gè)消息而感到興奮。
我們應(yīng)該幫助那位沮喪的學(xué)生。
三個(gè)人死于（get killed）這場(chǎng)車禍。
這是一個(gè)充滿了困惑的學(xué)生。
他是一個(gè)很有趣的人。
「練習(xí)四十六」
填空，全部用現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞：
1. He is totally （confuse）。
2. I am （interest） in seeing that movie.
3. This movie is really （excite）。
4. That is a （break） promise.
5. He has a （break） arm.
6. Their marriage was （break） up.
7. Justice is still not a （realize） dream.
8. He is a （depress） person.
9. The bicycle （ride） by the young kid is mine.
10. I do not like to see any person （injure）。
11. I was very much （surprise） to hear that news.
12. His statements are （encourage）。
13. The man （talk） about Hitler is a professor.
14. The man （pilot） the airplane is quite young.
15. The company （manage） by Mr. Lee is getting better and better.
16. Poor John now has a （break） heart.
17. There are boys and girls （dance） in the garden.
18. The （steal） jacket has been found.
19. The boy （laugh） there is not my son.
20. He has a （smile） face.
21. This is indeed very （excite）。
22. This song， （hear） by almost everyone， was written by me.
23. I don't like the song （write） by the Beatles.
24. She is a （care） woman.
10§3 不定詞（Infinitives）作為形容詞和副詞
不定詞可以用作名詞，也可以用作形容詞，以下都是不定詞用作形容詞的例子，要注意的是不定詞不會(huì)放在名詞的前面：
You don't have the right to talk so loudly.
He is to blame.
To see is to believe.（To see是名詞，to believe是形容詞）
My job is to teach poor kids to learn.
We all have the duty to serve our country.
He has a talent to sing.
I don't have time to play.
He is a person to be liked by us all.
This is a book to be read by all students.
He has no money to spend.
This is not a good place for kids to grow up in.
This law is to protect innocent citizens.
I am glad to see you.
He is ready to start a war.
He is rich enough to buy the entire building.
They are afraid to die.
He has no right to kill anyone.
John is too weak to do this job.
My mother is too old to drive a car.
It is easy to fall behind in school.
「練習(xí)四十七」
將以下句子改成英文：
我們都有納稅的義務(wù)。
我們都有保持緘默（remain silent）的權(quán)利。
他有游泳的天才。
我已無(wú)錢可花。
我無(wú)處可去。
他太累了，不能開車了。（too……to……）
我很高興看到你。
他夠聰明，可以進(jìn)入大學(xué)。（enough……to……）
我的工作是教小孩英文。
我看到你，感到很意外。（surprised to……）
我們有很多可談的事。
他沒(méi)有可以交談的朋友。