職稱英語(yǔ)指導(dǎo):語(yǔ)法知識(shí)—句子(2)

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4.反意疑問(wèn)句
    反意疑問(wèn)句由兩個(gè)部分組成:陳述句加簡(jiǎn)短一般疑問(wèn)句。這種疑問(wèn)句有兩種結(jié)構(gòu)類型:
    一是“肯定陳述+否定疑問(wèn)”,一是“否定陳述+肯定疑問(wèn)”。如:
    He smokes, doesn‘t he?
    They have come back home, haven‘t they?
    He isn‘t listening, is he?
    It isn‘t a fine day, is it?
    注意有些否定詞或半否定詞(如:barely, seldom, few, little, nobody, nothing, never等)出現(xiàn)在陳述部分時(shí),附加部分的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用肯定形式。如:
    He seldom drinks, does he?
    Few people visited there, did they?
    祈使句
    祈使句是表示命令、請(qǐng)求、建議、祝愿或邀請(qǐng)的句子。
    祈使句的主語(yǔ)通常用第二人稱,但一般不出現(xiàn);謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用原形;口語(yǔ)中一般用降調(diào),表示請(qǐng)示或邀請(qǐng)時(shí)可用升調(diào),并可加上please 一詞;表示強(qiáng)調(diào)或加強(qiáng)勸說(shuō)語(yǔ)氣時(shí),可在肯定祈使句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前加do;否定祈使句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前加don‘t或do not,如:
    Tell me the truth.
    Open the door, please.
    Do get up early.
    Don‘t open the door.
    為了加強(qiáng)說(shuō)話的語(yǔ)氣或明確說(shuō)話的對(duì)象時(shí),主語(yǔ)可以出現(xiàn),而且可以是第三人稱主語(yǔ),如:
    You show me what to do.
    Nobody move.
    祈使句的另一種結(jié)構(gòu)是“Let+ (第一、三人稱)賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)”,如:
    Let me have a look.
    Let‘s enjoy ourselves.
    Let us have a party.
    注意let us和let‘s用法上的區(qū)別:let us不包括聽(tīng)話人,let’s包括聽(tīng)話人。
    感嘆句
    用于抒發(fā)喜悅、驚奇、贊賞、憤怒等強(qiáng)烈感情的句子叫感嘆句。感嘆句通常由what或how引導(dǎo),主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不倒裝。
    1.what引導(dǎo)的感嘆句用來(lái)修飾名詞,名詞前可以有不定冠詞或形容詞,如:
    What a time we‘ve had today!
    What a clever boy I have seen!
    2.how用來(lái)修飾形容詞、副詞和動(dòng)詞,如:
    How wonderful this girl sings!
    How fast they are running!