分析語(yǔ)篇的銜接手段有助于我們準(zhǔn)確把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，加強(qiáng)對(duì)語(yǔ)篇連貫性、一致性和邏輯聯(lián)系的理解和認(rèn)識(shí)，從而透徹理解全篇內(nèi)容。語(yǔ)篇的銜接手段分析如下：
1.語(yǔ)法手段
（1）照應(yīng)：指使話語(yǔ)中某一實(shí)體的所指在文本中得以確定的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系。它是一些起信號(hào)作用的詞匯，其語(yǔ)義必須從該詞語(yǔ)所指的對(duì)象中尋找答案。
照應(yīng)分為人稱(chēng)照應(yīng)、指示照應(yīng)和比較照應(yīng)。比較照應(yīng)通過(guò)形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)等形式以及其他一些有比較意義的詞語(yǔ)（same`identical`such`equal`different`otherwise等）表示照應(yīng)關(guān)系。
（2）替代：通過(guò)用某一詞替代前面句中出現(xiàn)的名詞（短語(yǔ)）、動(dòng)詞（短語(yǔ)）或小句來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的銜接關(guān)系。替代有名詞替代、動(dòng)詞替代和小句替代。
（3）省略：指把語(yǔ)篇中某些成分省去不提。省略使上下句在語(yǔ)義上建立一種相互依賴關(guān)系，使語(yǔ)篇緊湊，被省略的成分能從上下文中找到。省略可分為名詞省略、動(dòng)詞省略和小句省略。
（4）連接：指連接成分憑借其自身的意義使語(yǔ)篇建立句子間的語(yǔ)義聯(lián)系。Halliday和Hasan把連接分為添加（in addition等）、轉(zhuǎn)折、因果和時(shí)間。
2.詞匯手段
指語(yǔ)篇中使用一些相互之間存在意義聯(lián)系的詞語(yǔ)，從而建立一個(gè)貫穿語(yǔ)篇的語(yǔ)義鏈，保證語(yǔ)篇的連貫性。詞匯手段分為重復(fù)、同義/反義、上下義和詞匯搭配。此處的搭配指一般意義上句子中同一結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)的詞語(yǔ)搭配（如動(dòng)詞與名詞、形容詞與名詞等），習(xí)慣性共現(xiàn)類(lèi)型的搭配（如hair與comb，sky與sunshine等）。
Passage 12
As is known to all, the organization and management of wages and salaries are very complex. Generally speaking, the Accounts Department is __1__ for calculations of pay, while the Personnel Department is interested in discussions with the employees about pay.
If a firm wants to __2__ a new wage and salary structure, it is essential that the firm should decide on a __3__ of job evaluation and ways of measuring the performance of its employees. In order to be __4__, that new pay structure will need agreement between Trade Unions and employers. In job evaluation, all of the requirements of each job are defined in a detailed job description. Each of thsoe requirements is given a value, usually in "points", which are __5__ together to give a total value for the job. For middle and higher management, a special method is used to evaluate managers on their knowledge of the job, their responsibility, and their __6__ to solve problems. Because of the difficulty in measuring management work, however, job grades for managers are often decided without __7__ to an evaluation system based on points.
In attempting to design a pay system, the Personnel Department should __8__ the value of each job with these in the job market. __9__, payment for a job should vary with any differences in the way that the job is performed. Where it is simple to measure the work done, as in the works done with hands, monetary encouragement schemes are often chosen, for __10__ workers, where measurement is difficult, methods of additional payments are employed.
[A]compare [B]responsible [C]useful [D]added
[E]find [F]reference [G]indirect [H]method
[I]successful [J]combined [K]Necessarily [L]capacity
[M]ability [N]Basically [O]adopt
Answers:
1.選B）。
此處應(yīng)填形容詞。原文意思為“會(huì)計(jì)部門(mén)...計(jì)算報(bào)酬”，選項(xiàng)中的形容詞responsible“負(fù)責(zé)任的”，useful“有用的”，indirect“間接的”，successful“成功的”，其中indirect不能與for連用，排除；剩余幾項(xiàng)中只有B）responsible意義符合原句，其他均不符合，故排除。
2.選O）。
此處應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞原形。本文主題就是采用一種新的工資和薪水制度時(shí)需要注意的問(wèn)題，選項(xiàng)中的動(dòng)詞原形有compare“比較”，find“找到”，adopt“采納”，分別帶入原文，只有adopt最符合原文意思，故選O).
3.選H）。
此處應(yīng)填名詞。從原文看，and連接并列結(jié)構(gòu)，所以要填的詞應(yīng)與and后面的ways意思一致，選項(xiàng)中的名詞只有mathod = ways，故選H）method。
4.選I）。
此處應(yīng)填形容詞。上文說(shuō)新的工資制度需要一套決定工作評(píng)估和衡量雇員表現(xiàn)的方法，說(shuō)的是制度“是否有用”的問(wèn)題。這句說(shuō)的時(shí)新的工資制度執(zhí)行過(guò)程中的問(wèn)題，勞資雙方先期達(dá)成一致是薪酬制度成功的必要條件。形容詞useful和successful，I）seccessful更符合原文意思。
5.選D）。
此處應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞。這個(gè)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)是point“分值”，把分值...起來(lái)to give a total value"得出總分值"，選項(xiàng)中有added和combined，前者指“把...相加”，后者意為“把...結(jié)合在一起”，原文指將分值相加得出總分，故D）added最符合文意。
6.選M）。
此處應(yīng)填名詞。首先solve problem“解決問(wèn)題”是經(jīng)理們應(yīng)具備的能力，選項(xiàng)中的capacity與ability都可以表示“能力”；前者強(qiáng)調(diào)的是理解的能力和接受事物的能力，而后者強(qiáng)調(diào)實(shí)際應(yīng)用的能力，故不難判斷解決問(wèn)題的能力應(yīng)該用M）ability。
7.選F）。
此處應(yīng)填名詞。前半句指出“因?yàn)楣芾砉ぷ骱茈y評(píng)估，經(jīng)理的工作得分不需要參照基于分值的評(píng)估系統(tǒng)決定?！眞ithout reference to為固定搭配，意思是“與...無(wú)關(guān)”。故選F）reference。
8.選A）。
此處應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞原形。原句中出現(xiàn)了the value of each job“每種工作的價(jià)值”和these in the job market“工作市場(chǎng)上的（工作價(jià)值）”，說(shuō)明人事部門(mén)通過(guò)比較兩種價(jià)值來(lái)計(jì)算工資制度。選項(xiàng)中只有compare表示“比較”，所以A）正確。
9.選K）。
此處應(yīng)填副詞，修飾整句話?！皥?bào)酬要隨工作表現(xiàn)各方面的不同而有所改變”，選項(xiàng)中Necessarily“必須地”與Basically“基本地”為副詞，分別帶入原文，“報(bào)酬...的變化是必須的”更符合上下文意思，故排除N),選K)。
10.選G）。
此處應(yīng)填形容詞。前文中提到一種情況即simple to measure the work done"易于評(píng)估的工作"，通常用現(xiàn)金獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)辦法；而...measurement is difficult“難于評(píng)估的”，說(shuō)明這些工作人員的工作不像手工工作那么直接，因而是間接的，故選項(xiàng)中只有G）indirect符合原句的意思。
導(dǎo)讀：
As is known to all, the organization and management of wages and salaries are very complex. Generally speaking, the Accounts Department is B)responsible for calculations of pay, while the Personnel Department is interested in discussions with the employees about pay.
If a firm wants to O)adopt a new wage and salary structure, it is essential that the firm should decide on a H)method of job evaluation and ways of measuring the performance of its employees. In order to be I)successful, that new pay structure will need agreement between Trade Unions and employers. In job evaluation, all of the requirements of each job are defined in a detailed job description. Each of thsoe requirements is given a value, usually in "points", which are D)added together to give a total value for the job. For middle and higher management, a special method is used to evaluate managers on their knowledge of the job, their responsibility, and their M)ability to solve problems. Because of the difficulty in measuring management work, however, job grades for managers are often decided without F)reference to an evaluation system based on points.
In attempting to design a pay system, the Personnel Department should A)compare the value of each job with these in the job market.(these = the valuse) K)Necessarily, payment for a job should vary with any differences in the way that the job is persprmed. Where it is simple to measure the work done, as in the works done with hands, monetary encouragement schemes are often chosen, for G)indirect workers, where measurement is difficult, methods of additional payments are employed.(本句為復(fù)合句。兩個(gè)where引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句。)
全文翻譯：
眾所周知，工資和薪水的組織和管理是很復(fù)雜的。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，會(huì)計(jì)部門(mén)負(fù)責(zé)計(jì)算報(bào)酬，而人事部門(mén)則與雇員商議有關(guān)報(bào)酬的問(wèn)題。
公司如想采用新的工資和薪水制度，必不可少的就是決定工作評(píng)估和衡量雇員表現(xiàn)的方法。為了成功地執(zhí)行新的報(bào)酬制度，工會(huì)和雇主之間必須達(dá)成一致。
在工作評(píng)估方面，每種工作的全部要求都得有詳細(xì)的描述。每個(gè)要求給一個(gè)價(jià)值，通常是“分值”，加在一起就是這項(xiàng)工作的總得分。對(duì)中層和高層人員，采用特殊方法來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)他們對(duì)于該工作的了解程度、負(fù)責(zé)程度和處理問(wèn)題的能力。然而，因?yàn)楣芾砉ぷ骱茈y測(cè)量，經(jīng)理的工作得分無(wú)需參照基于分值的評(píng)估系統(tǒng)決定。
為了設(shè)計(jì)報(bào)酬制度，人事部門(mén)可將每種工作的價(jià)值與工作市場(chǎng)上的相比較。報(bào)酬隨工作表現(xiàn)各方面的不同而有所改變是必須的。對(duì)于易于測(cè)量的工作（如手工工作），經(jīng)常選用現(xiàn)金獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)制度；而對(duì)其工作難于測(cè)量的間接工作人員，就得采用額外報(bào)酬的方法。
1.語(yǔ)法手段
（1）照應(yīng)：指使話語(yǔ)中某一實(shí)體的所指在文本中得以確定的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系。它是一些起信號(hào)作用的詞匯，其語(yǔ)義必須從該詞語(yǔ)所指的對(duì)象中尋找答案。
照應(yīng)分為人稱(chēng)照應(yīng)、指示照應(yīng)和比較照應(yīng)。比較照應(yīng)通過(guò)形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)等形式以及其他一些有比較意義的詞語(yǔ)（same`identical`such`equal`different`otherwise等）表示照應(yīng)關(guān)系。
（2）替代：通過(guò)用某一詞替代前面句中出現(xiàn)的名詞（短語(yǔ)）、動(dòng)詞（短語(yǔ)）或小句來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的銜接關(guān)系。替代有名詞替代、動(dòng)詞替代和小句替代。
（3）省略：指把語(yǔ)篇中某些成分省去不提。省略使上下句在語(yǔ)義上建立一種相互依賴關(guān)系，使語(yǔ)篇緊湊，被省略的成分能從上下文中找到。省略可分為名詞省略、動(dòng)詞省略和小句省略。
（4）連接：指連接成分憑借其自身的意義使語(yǔ)篇建立句子間的語(yǔ)義聯(lián)系。Halliday和Hasan把連接分為添加（in addition等）、轉(zhuǎn)折、因果和時(shí)間。
2.詞匯手段
指語(yǔ)篇中使用一些相互之間存在意義聯(lián)系的詞語(yǔ)，從而建立一個(gè)貫穿語(yǔ)篇的語(yǔ)義鏈，保證語(yǔ)篇的連貫性。詞匯手段分為重復(fù)、同義/反義、上下義和詞匯搭配。此處的搭配指一般意義上句子中同一結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)的詞語(yǔ)搭配（如動(dòng)詞與名詞、形容詞與名詞等），習(xí)慣性共現(xiàn)類(lèi)型的搭配（如hair與comb，sky與sunshine等）。
Passage 12
As is known to all, the organization and management of wages and salaries are very complex. Generally speaking, the Accounts Department is __1__ for calculations of pay, while the Personnel Department is interested in discussions with the employees about pay.
If a firm wants to __2__ a new wage and salary structure, it is essential that the firm should decide on a __3__ of job evaluation and ways of measuring the performance of its employees. In order to be __4__, that new pay structure will need agreement between Trade Unions and employers. In job evaluation, all of the requirements of each job are defined in a detailed job description. Each of thsoe requirements is given a value, usually in "points", which are __5__ together to give a total value for the job. For middle and higher management, a special method is used to evaluate managers on their knowledge of the job, their responsibility, and their __6__ to solve problems. Because of the difficulty in measuring management work, however, job grades for managers are often decided without __7__ to an evaluation system based on points.
In attempting to design a pay system, the Personnel Department should __8__ the value of each job with these in the job market. __9__, payment for a job should vary with any differences in the way that the job is performed. Where it is simple to measure the work done, as in the works done with hands, monetary encouragement schemes are often chosen, for __10__ workers, where measurement is difficult, methods of additional payments are employed.
[A]compare [B]responsible [C]useful [D]added
[E]find [F]reference [G]indirect [H]method
[I]successful [J]combined [K]Necessarily [L]capacity
[M]ability [N]Basically [O]adopt
Answers:
1.選B）。
此處應(yīng)填形容詞。原文意思為“會(huì)計(jì)部門(mén)...計(jì)算報(bào)酬”，選項(xiàng)中的形容詞responsible“負(fù)責(zé)任的”，useful“有用的”，indirect“間接的”，successful“成功的”，其中indirect不能與for連用，排除；剩余幾項(xiàng)中只有B）responsible意義符合原句，其他均不符合，故排除。
2.選O）。
此處應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞原形。本文主題就是采用一種新的工資和薪水制度時(shí)需要注意的問(wèn)題，選項(xiàng)中的動(dòng)詞原形有compare“比較”，find“找到”，adopt“采納”，分別帶入原文，只有adopt最符合原文意思，故選O).
3.選H）。
此處應(yīng)填名詞。從原文看，and連接并列結(jié)構(gòu)，所以要填的詞應(yīng)與and后面的ways意思一致，選項(xiàng)中的名詞只有mathod = ways，故選H）method。
4.選I）。
此處應(yīng)填形容詞。上文說(shuō)新的工資制度需要一套決定工作評(píng)估和衡量雇員表現(xiàn)的方法，說(shuō)的是制度“是否有用”的問(wèn)題。這句說(shuō)的時(shí)新的工資制度執(zhí)行過(guò)程中的問(wèn)題，勞資雙方先期達(dá)成一致是薪酬制度成功的必要條件。形容詞useful和successful，I）seccessful更符合原文意思。
5.選D）。
此處應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞。這個(gè)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)是point“分值”，把分值...起來(lái)to give a total value"得出總分值"，選項(xiàng)中有added和combined，前者指“把...相加”，后者意為“把...結(jié)合在一起”，原文指將分值相加得出總分，故D）added最符合文意。
6.選M）。
此處應(yīng)填名詞。首先solve problem“解決問(wèn)題”是經(jīng)理們應(yīng)具備的能力，選項(xiàng)中的capacity與ability都可以表示“能力”；前者強(qiáng)調(diào)的是理解的能力和接受事物的能力，而后者強(qiáng)調(diào)實(shí)際應(yīng)用的能力，故不難判斷解決問(wèn)題的能力應(yīng)該用M）ability。
7.選F）。
此處應(yīng)填名詞。前半句指出“因?yàn)楣芾砉ぷ骱茈y評(píng)估，經(jīng)理的工作得分不需要參照基于分值的評(píng)估系統(tǒng)決定?！眞ithout reference to為固定搭配，意思是“與...無(wú)關(guān)”。故選F）reference。
8.選A）。
此處應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞原形。原句中出現(xiàn)了the value of each job“每種工作的價(jià)值”和these in the job market“工作市場(chǎng)上的（工作價(jià)值）”，說(shuō)明人事部門(mén)通過(guò)比較兩種價(jià)值來(lái)計(jì)算工資制度。選項(xiàng)中只有compare表示“比較”，所以A）正確。
9.選K）。
此處應(yīng)填副詞，修飾整句話?！皥?bào)酬要隨工作表現(xiàn)各方面的不同而有所改變”，選項(xiàng)中Necessarily“必須地”與Basically“基本地”為副詞，分別帶入原文，“報(bào)酬...的變化是必須的”更符合上下文意思，故排除N),選K)。
10.選G）。
此處應(yīng)填形容詞。前文中提到一種情況即simple to measure the work done"易于評(píng)估的工作"，通常用現(xiàn)金獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)辦法；而...measurement is difficult“難于評(píng)估的”，說(shuō)明這些工作人員的工作不像手工工作那么直接，因而是間接的，故選項(xiàng)中只有G）indirect符合原句的意思。
導(dǎo)讀：
As is known to all, the organization and management of wages and salaries are very complex. Generally speaking, the Accounts Department is B)responsible for calculations of pay, while the Personnel Department is interested in discussions with the employees about pay.
If a firm wants to O)adopt a new wage and salary structure, it is essential that the firm should decide on a H)method of job evaluation and ways of measuring the performance of its employees. In order to be I)successful, that new pay structure will need agreement between Trade Unions and employers. In job evaluation, all of the requirements of each job are defined in a detailed job description. Each of thsoe requirements is given a value, usually in "points", which are D)added together to give a total value for the job. For middle and higher management, a special method is used to evaluate managers on their knowledge of the job, their responsibility, and their M)ability to solve problems. Because of the difficulty in measuring management work, however, job grades for managers are often decided without F)reference to an evaluation system based on points.
In attempting to design a pay system, the Personnel Department should A)compare the value of each job with these in the job market.(these = the valuse) K)Necessarily, payment for a job should vary with any differences in the way that the job is persprmed. Where it is simple to measure the work done, as in the works done with hands, monetary encouragement schemes are often chosen, for G)indirect workers, where measurement is difficult, methods of additional payments are employed.(本句為復(fù)合句。兩個(gè)where引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句。)
全文翻譯：
眾所周知，工資和薪水的組織和管理是很復(fù)雜的。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，會(huì)計(jì)部門(mén)負(fù)責(zé)計(jì)算報(bào)酬，而人事部門(mén)則與雇員商議有關(guān)報(bào)酬的問(wèn)題。
公司如想采用新的工資和薪水制度，必不可少的就是決定工作評(píng)估和衡量雇員表現(xiàn)的方法。為了成功地執(zhí)行新的報(bào)酬制度，工會(huì)和雇主之間必須達(dá)成一致。
在工作評(píng)估方面，每種工作的全部要求都得有詳細(xì)的描述。每個(gè)要求給一個(gè)價(jià)值，通常是“分值”，加在一起就是這項(xiàng)工作的總得分。對(duì)中層和高層人員，采用特殊方法來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)他們對(duì)于該工作的了解程度、負(fù)責(zé)程度和處理問(wèn)題的能力。然而，因?yàn)楣芾砉ぷ骱茈y測(cè)量，經(jīng)理的工作得分無(wú)需參照基于分值的評(píng)估系統(tǒng)決定。
為了設(shè)計(jì)報(bào)酬制度，人事部門(mén)可將每種工作的價(jià)值與工作市場(chǎng)上的相比較。報(bào)酬隨工作表現(xiàn)各方面的不同而有所改變是必須的。對(duì)于易于測(cè)量的工作（如手工工作），經(jīng)常選用現(xiàn)金獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)制度；而對(duì)其工作難于測(cè)量的間接工作人員，就得采用額外報(bào)酬的方法。