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Lesson 6 The sporting spirit體育的精神
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽(tīng)錄音，然后回答以下問(wèn)題.
How does the writer describe sport at the international level?
I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the would could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battle field. Even if one didn't know from concrete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance) that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.
Nearly all the sports practised nowadays are competitive. You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win. On the village green, where you pick up sides and no feeling of local patriotism is involved, it is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise: but as soon as a the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused. Anyone who has played even in a school football match knows this. At the international level, sport is frankly mimic warfare. But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators: and, behind the spectators, of the nations who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests, and seriously believe -- at any rate for short periods -- that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.【參考譯文】
當(dāng)我聽(tīng)人們說(shuō)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)可創(chuàng)造國(guó)家之間的友誼，還說(shuō)各國(guó)民眾若在足球場(chǎng)或板球場(chǎng)上交鋒，就不愿在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上殘殺的時(shí)候，我總是驚愕不已。一個(gè)人即使不能從具體的事例（例如1936年的奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)）了解到國(guó)際運(yùn)動(dòng)比賽會(huì)導(dǎo)致瘋狂的仇恨，也可以從常理中推斷出結(jié)論。
現(xiàn)在開(kāi)展的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)幾乎都是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的。參加比賽就是為了取勝。如果不拚命去贏，比賽就沒(méi)有什么意義了。 在鄉(xiāng)間的草坪上，當(dāng)你隨意組成兩個(gè)隊(duì)，并且不涉及任何地方情緒時(shí)，那才可能是單純的為了娛樂(lè)和鍛煉而進(jìn)行比賽?？墒且涣可婕暗綐s譽(yù)問(wèn)題，一旦你想到你和某一團(tuán)體會(huì)因?yàn)槟爿敹鴣G臉時(shí)，那么野蠻的爭(zhēng)斗天性便會(huì)激發(fā)起來(lái)。即使是僅僅參加過(guò)學(xué)校足球賽的人也有種體會(huì)。在國(guó)際比賽中，體育簡(jiǎn)直是一場(chǎng)模擬戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。但是，要緊的還不是運(yùn)動(dòng)員的行為，而是觀眾的態(tài)度，以及觀眾身后各個(gè)國(guó)家的態(tài)度。面對(duì)著這些荒唐的比賽，參賽的各個(gè)國(guó)家會(huì)如癡如狂，甚至煞有介事地相信 -- 至少在短期內(nèi)如此 -- 跑跑、跳跳、踢踢球是對(duì)一個(gè)民族品德素質(zhì)的檢驗(yàn)。1.goodwill n.友好
例句：He attended the meeting as a goodwill messenger.
他作為友好使者出席了會(huì)議。
2.cricket n.板球
3.inclination n.意愿
例句：I have a strong inclination for sports.
我很喜愛(ài)運(yùn)動(dòng)。
4.contest n.比賽
5.orgy n.無(wú)節(jié)制的，放蕩
6.deduce v.推斷
例句：He will deduce a conclusion from premises.
從前提推導(dǎo)出結(jié)論。
7.competitive adj.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的
例句：Please offer your most competitive price.
請(qǐng)報(bào)你方具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的價(jià)格。
8.patriotism n.地方觀念，愛(ài)國(guó)主義
9.disgrace v.使丟臉
例句：I'm afraid poor Barbary will disgrace herself.
恐怕可憐的芭芭瑞將使自己蒙受恥辱。
10.savage adj.野性的
例句：He made a savage grab for the knife.
他惡狠狠地去抓刀子。
11.combative adj.好斗的
例句：The fox terrier has a combative disposition.
獵狐犬性好斗
12.mimic warfare模擬戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)
13.behaviour n.行動(dòng)，舉止
14.absurd adj.荒唐的
例句：His viewpoint was utterly absurd.
他的觀點(diǎn)荒謬絕倫。1.I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the would could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield.
參考翻譯：當(dāng)我聽(tīng)人們說(shuō)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)可創(chuàng)造國(guó)家之間的友誼，還說(shuō)各國(guó)民眾若在足球場(chǎng)或板球場(chǎng)上交鋒，就不愿在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上殘殺的時(shí)候，我總是驚愕不已。
講解：hear sb doing sth類似于see sb doing sth的結(jié)構(gòu)
“see sb do sth ”表示看到某人做某事了，強(qiáng)調(diào)看見(jiàn)誰(shuí)做過(guò)什么事。
如：I saw her clean the classroom.
是說(shuō)我看到她打掃教室了。（強(qiáng)調(diào)做過(guò)這件事）
而在我們的文中用的是：“see sb doing sth ”
表示看到某人正在做某事強(qiáng)調(diào)“看見(jiàn)某人正在做某事”
如：I saw her cleaning the classroom.
我看到她正在掃打教室（強(qiáng)調(diào)正在做某事）
像see 這樣的感官動(dòng)詞還有hear , feel , watch , notice （注意到）都可以跟do 或doing分別表不同的意思
如：I heard him play the piano.
我聽(tīng)到他彈鋼琴了。
I heard him playing the piano.
我聽(tīng)到他正在彈鋼琴。
if only
if only 與 I wish一樣，也用于表示與事實(shí)相反的愿望，其后所虛擬語(yǔ)氣的時(shí)態(tài)與 wish后所接時(shí)態(tài)的情況相同。如：
If only I were [was] better looking. 要是我長(zhǎng)得漂亮些就好了。
If only I had listened to my parents! 我要是當(dāng)時(shí)聽(tīng)了父母的話就好了。
If only she would go with me! 她要是愿意和我一道去就好了!
【注】if only 通常獨(dú)立使用，沒(méi)有主句。
2.Even if one didn't know from concrete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance) that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.
參考翻譯：一個(gè)人即使不能從具體的事例（例如1936年的奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)）了解到國(guó)際運(yùn)動(dòng)比賽會(huì)導(dǎo)致瘋狂的仇恨，也可以從常理中推斷出結(jié)論。
講解：even if引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
although， though， even though， even if都表示“雖然， 即使， 盡管”之意， though 和although 語(yǔ)氣較弱(其中的though 比although 通俗, 不如although 正式)， even if和even though 帶有強(qiáng)調(diào)意味而顯得語(yǔ)氣更強(qiáng)。例如： Although they are poor, they are happy. 雖然他們很窮， 但很快樂(lè)。// Although it was so cold, he went out without an overcoat. 天氣雖然很冷, 但他沒(méi)有穿大衣就出去了。// Though they may not succeed, they will still try. 即使他們可能不會(huì)成功， 但他們?nèi)耘L試。 // The article is very important though it is short. 那篇文章雖然很短， 但很重要。// He is better, though not yet cured. 他好一點(diǎn)了， 雖仍未痊愈。//
Even though it was raining, she walked to work. 即使下雨， 她也是走著去工作的。// I’ll visit him this evening even if I can stay only a few minutes. 今晚我將去拜訪他， 即使我只能停留一小會(huì)兒。
注意： though 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的用法比較特殊， 它可以倒裝， 也可以不倒裝， 具體用法參見(jiàn)as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的用法。
lead to導(dǎo)致,引起;通往
And that would lead to disaster on a world scale.
這就會(huì)是世界性的災(zāi)難。
3.You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win.
參考翻譯：參加比賽就是為了取勝。如果不拚命去贏，比賽就沒(méi)有什么意義了。
講解：unless
unless的基本用法 連詞unless意為“除非……如果不……”，“除了……”，多引導(dǎo)一個(gè)否定意義的真實(shí)條件句，有時(shí)也可引導(dǎo)非真實(shí)條件旬。unless引導(dǎo)條件句時(shí)，主要用于下列情況。 (1)主句為肯定句。如： Unless I visit every bookstore in town．I shall not know whether I can get what l want．如果我不到城里每一家書(shū)店去看看，我就不知道是否能買(mǎi)到我想要的書(shū)。 You will miss the bus unless you hurry up．你要不快點(diǎn)就會(huì)錯(cuò)過(guò)班車(chē)。 You’ll fail in chemistry again unless you work harder．如果你不再加把勁，你化學(xué)考試還會(huì)不及格。 (2)主句為否定句。如： Unless you oil the motor regularly．it won’t run smoothly．要不是你經(jīng)常給發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)上油。它就不會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)得那么順暢。 I wouldn't be saying this unless I were sure of the facts．要是我對(duì)這些事情沒(méi)有把握，我就不說(shuō)這話了。 You will never get anywhere unless you have set your goal．如果你不設(shè)定目標(biāo)，你哪兒也去不了。
do one's utmost竭盡全力,盡大努力
We are resolved to do our utmost.
我們下定決心要盡大的努力。
We should do our utmost to expand exports.
今年要千方百計(jì)擴(kuò)大出口。
4.but as soon as a the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused.
參考翻譯：可是一量涉及到榮譽(yù)問(wèn)題，一旦你想到你和某一團(tuán)體會(huì)因?yàn)槟爿敹鴣G臉時(shí)，那么野蠻的爭(zhēng)斗天性便會(huì)激發(fā)起來(lái)。
講解：arise arouse
arise（arose，arisen）vi.
1) occur“發(fā)生”，例：Problems arose from the outset.一開(kāi)始就產(chǎn)生了很多問(wèn)題。
2) arise from“起源于”，例：Accidents always arise from the carelessness.許多事故都源于粗心。derive from=originate from“起
因于，追本溯源”，例：Many English words derive from Latin.許多英語(yǔ)都來(lái)自于拉丁語(yǔ)。
3) 向上；上升
move upword; ascend
· When I started off, the sun was arising.
我出發(fā)時(shí)太陽(yáng)正在升起。
arouse“喚起”，如，arouse one’s interest/sympathy“喚起某人的興趣/同情心”1.I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations,
我總是驚愕不已。當(dāng)我聽(tīng)人們說(shuō)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)可創(chuàng)造國(guó)家之間的友誼。
2.Even if one didn't know from concrete examples(the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance)that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.
一個(gè)人即使不能從具體的事例（例如1936年的奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)）了解到國(guó)際運(yùn)動(dòng)比賽會(huì)導(dǎo)致瘋狂的仇恨，也可以從常理中推斷出結(jié)論。
3.You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win.
參加比賽就是為了取勝。如果不拚命去贏，比賽就沒(méi)有什么意義了。
4.But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators.
但是，要緊的還不是運(yùn)動(dòng)員的行為，而是觀眾的態(tài)度。
5.and seriously believe -- at any rate for short periods -- that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.
甚至煞有介事地相信 -- 至少在短期內(nèi)如此 -- 跑跑、跳跳、踢踢球是對(duì)一個(gè)民族品德素質(zhì)的檢驗(yàn)。
Lesson 6 The sporting spirit體育的精神
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽(tīng)錄音，然后回答以下問(wèn)題.
How does the writer describe sport at the international level?
I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the would could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battle field. Even if one didn't know from concrete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance) that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.
Nearly all the sports practised nowadays are competitive. You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win. On the village green, where you pick up sides and no feeling of local patriotism is involved, it is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise: but as soon as a the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused. Anyone who has played even in a school football match knows this. At the international level, sport is frankly mimic warfare. But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators: and, behind the spectators, of the nations who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests, and seriously believe -- at any rate for short periods -- that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.【參考譯文】
當(dāng)我聽(tīng)人們說(shuō)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)可創(chuàng)造國(guó)家之間的友誼，還說(shuō)各國(guó)民眾若在足球場(chǎng)或板球場(chǎng)上交鋒，就不愿在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上殘殺的時(shí)候，我總是驚愕不已。一個(gè)人即使不能從具體的事例（例如1936年的奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)）了解到國(guó)際運(yùn)動(dòng)比賽會(huì)導(dǎo)致瘋狂的仇恨，也可以從常理中推斷出結(jié)論。
現(xiàn)在開(kāi)展的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)幾乎都是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的。參加比賽就是為了取勝。如果不拚命去贏，比賽就沒(méi)有什么意義了。 在鄉(xiāng)間的草坪上，當(dāng)你隨意組成兩個(gè)隊(duì)，并且不涉及任何地方情緒時(shí)，那才可能是單純的為了娛樂(lè)和鍛煉而進(jìn)行比賽?？墒且涣可婕暗綐s譽(yù)問(wèn)題，一旦你想到你和某一團(tuán)體會(huì)因?yàn)槟爿敹鴣G臉時(shí)，那么野蠻的爭(zhēng)斗天性便會(huì)激發(fā)起來(lái)。即使是僅僅參加過(guò)學(xué)校足球賽的人也有種體會(huì)。在國(guó)際比賽中，體育簡(jiǎn)直是一場(chǎng)模擬戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。但是，要緊的還不是運(yùn)動(dòng)員的行為，而是觀眾的態(tài)度，以及觀眾身后各個(gè)國(guó)家的態(tài)度。面對(duì)著這些荒唐的比賽，參賽的各個(gè)國(guó)家會(huì)如癡如狂，甚至煞有介事地相信 -- 至少在短期內(nèi)如此 -- 跑跑、跳跳、踢踢球是對(duì)一個(gè)民族品德素質(zhì)的檢驗(yàn)。1.goodwill n.友好
例句：He attended the meeting as a goodwill messenger.
他作為友好使者出席了會(huì)議。
2.cricket n.板球
3.inclination n.意愿
例句：I have a strong inclination for sports.
我很喜愛(ài)運(yùn)動(dòng)。
4.contest n.比賽
5.orgy n.無(wú)節(jié)制的，放蕩
6.deduce v.推斷
例句：He will deduce a conclusion from premises.
從前提推導(dǎo)出結(jié)論。
7.competitive adj.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的
例句：Please offer your most competitive price.
請(qǐng)報(bào)你方具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的價(jià)格。
8.patriotism n.地方觀念，愛(ài)國(guó)主義
9.disgrace v.使丟臉
例句：I'm afraid poor Barbary will disgrace herself.
恐怕可憐的芭芭瑞將使自己蒙受恥辱。
10.savage adj.野性的
例句：He made a savage grab for the knife.
他惡狠狠地去抓刀子。
11.combative adj.好斗的
例句：The fox terrier has a combative disposition.
獵狐犬性好斗
12.mimic warfare模擬戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)
13.behaviour n.行動(dòng)，舉止
14.absurd adj.荒唐的
例句：His viewpoint was utterly absurd.
他的觀點(diǎn)荒謬絕倫。1.I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the would could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield.
參考翻譯：當(dāng)我聽(tīng)人們說(shuō)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)可創(chuàng)造國(guó)家之間的友誼，還說(shuō)各國(guó)民眾若在足球場(chǎng)或板球場(chǎng)上交鋒，就不愿在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上殘殺的時(shí)候，我總是驚愕不已。
講解：hear sb doing sth類似于see sb doing sth的結(jié)構(gòu)
“see sb do sth ”表示看到某人做某事了，強(qiáng)調(diào)看見(jiàn)誰(shuí)做過(guò)什么事。
如：I saw her clean the classroom.
是說(shuō)我看到她打掃教室了。（強(qiáng)調(diào)做過(guò)這件事）
而在我們的文中用的是：“see sb doing sth ”
表示看到某人正在做某事強(qiáng)調(diào)“看見(jiàn)某人正在做某事”
如：I saw her cleaning the classroom.
我看到她正在掃打教室（強(qiáng)調(diào)正在做某事）
像see 這樣的感官動(dòng)詞還有hear , feel , watch , notice （注意到）都可以跟do 或doing分別表不同的意思
如：I heard him play the piano.
我聽(tīng)到他彈鋼琴了。
I heard him playing the piano.
我聽(tīng)到他正在彈鋼琴。
if only
if only 與 I wish一樣，也用于表示與事實(shí)相反的愿望，其后所虛擬語(yǔ)氣的時(shí)態(tài)與 wish后所接時(shí)態(tài)的情況相同。如：
If only I were [was] better looking. 要是我長(zhǎng)得漂亮些就好了。
If only I had listened to my parents! 我要是當(dāng)時(shí)聽(tīng)了父母的話就好了。
If only she would go with me! 她要是愿意和我一道去就好了!
【注】if only 通常獨(dú)立使用，沒(méi)有主句。
2.Even if one didn't know from concrete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance) that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.
參考翻譯：一個(gè)人即使不能從具體的事例（例如1936年的奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)）了解到國(guó)際運(yùn)動(dòng)比賽會(huì)導(dǎo)致瘋狂的仇恨，也可以從常理中推斷出結(jié)論。
講解：even if引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
although， though， even though， even if都表示“雖然， 即使， 盡管”之意， though 和although 語(yǔ)氣較弱(其中的though 比although 通俗, 不如although 正式)， even if和even though 帶有強(qiáng)調(diào)意味而顯得語(yǔ)氣更強(qiáng)。例如： Although they are poor, they are happy. 雖然他們很窮， 但很快樂(lè)。// Although it was so cold, he went out without an overcoat. 天氣雖然很冷, 但他沒(méi)有穿大衣就出去了。// Though they may not succeed, they will still try. 即使他們可能不會(huì)成功， 但他們?nèi)耘L試。 // The article is very important though it is short. 那篇文章雖然很短， 但很重要。// He is better, though not yet cured. 他好一點(diǎn)了， 雖仍未痊愈。//
Even though it was raining, she walked to work. 即使下雨， 她也是走著去工作的。// I’ll visit him this evening even if I can stay only a few minutes. 今晚我將去拜訪他， 即使我只能停留一小會(huì)兒。
注意： though 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的用法比較特殊， 它可以倒裝， 也可以不倒裝， 具體用法參見(jiàn)as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的用法。
lead to導(dǎo)致,引起;通往
And that would lead to disaster on a world scale.
這就會(huì)是世界性的災(zāi)難。
3.You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win.
參考翻譯：參加比賽就是為了取勝。如果不拚命去贏，比賽就沒(méi)有什么意義了。
講解：unless
unless的基本用法 連詞unless意為“除非……如果不……”，“除了……”，多引導(dǎo)一個(gè)否定意義的真實(shí)條件句，有時(shí)也可引導(dǎo)非真實(shí)條件旬。unless引導(dǎo)條件句時(shí)，主要用于下列情況。 (1)主句為肯定句。如： Unless I visit every bookstore in town．I shall not know whether I can get what l want．如果我不到城里每一家書(shū)店去看看，我就不知道是否能買(mǎi)到我想要的書(shū)。 You will miss the bus unless you hurry up．你要不快點(diǎn)就會(huì)錯(cuò)過(guò)班車(chē)。 You’ll fail in chemistry again unless you work harder．如果你不再加把勁，你化學(xué)考試還會(huì)不及格。 (2)主句為否定句。如： Unless you oil the motor regularly．it won’t run smoothly．要不是你經(jīng)常給發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)上油。它就不會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)得那么順暢。 I wouldn't be saying this unless I were sure of the facts．要是我對(duì)這些事情沒(méi)有把握，我就不說(shuō)這話了。 You will never get anywhere unless you have set your goal．如果你不設(shè)定目標(biāo)，你哪兒也去不了。
do one's utmost竭盡全力,盡大努力
We are resolved to do our utmost.
我們下定決心要盡大的努力。
We should do our utmost to expand exports.
今年要千方百計(jì)擴(kuò)大出口。
4.but as soon as a the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused.
參考翻譯：可是一量涉及到榮譽(yù)問(wèn)題，一旦你想到你和某一團(tuán)體會(huì)因?yàn)槟爿敹鴣G臉時(shí)，那么野蠻的爭(zhēng)斗天性便會(huì)激發(fā)起來(lái)。
講解：arise arouse
arise（arose，arisen）vi.
1) occur“發(fā)生”，例：Problems arose from the outset.一開(kāi)始就產(chǎn)生了很多問(wèn)題。
2) arise from“起源于”，例：Accidents always arise from the carelessness.許多事故都源于粗心。derive from=originate from“起
因于，追本溯源”，例：Many English words derive from Latin.許多英語(yǔ)都來(lái)自于拉丁語(yǔ)。
3) 向上；上升
move upword; ascend
· When I started off, the sun was arising.
我出發(fā)時(shí)太陽(yáng)正在升起。
arouse“喚起”，如，arouse one’s interest/sympathy“喚起某人的興趣/同情心”1.I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations,
我總是驚愕不已。當(dāng)我聽(tīng)人們說(shuō)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)可創(chuàng)造國(guó)家之間的友誼。
2.Even if one didn't know from concrete examples(the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance)that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.
一個(gè)人即使不能從具體的事例（例如1936年的奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)）了解到國(guó)際運(yùn)動(dòng)比賽會(huì)導(dǎo)致瘋狂的仇恨，也可以從常理中推斷出結(jié)論。
3.You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win.
參加比賽就是為了取勝。如果不拚命去贏，比賽就沒(méi)有什么意義了。
4.But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators.
但是，要緊的還不是運(yùn)動(dòng)員的行為，而是觀眾的態(tài)度。
5.and seriously believe -- at any rate for short periods -- that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.
甚至煞有介事地相信 -- 至少在短期內(nèi)如此 -- 跑跑、跳跳、踢踢球是對(duì)一個(gè)民族品德素質(zhì)的檢驗(yàn)。